Here in we have gathered some pdf lectures on surveying. May 05, 2017 linear measurement in engineering survey, the linear horizontal distance is to be measured to complete a survey. Systematic sampling has the advantage that a sampling frame does not need to be assembled beforehand. Techniques of land surveying vijay meena 20bpln037 2. This chapter covers traditional surveying of two kinds. Inclement weather does not disrupt gps observations. Basic surveying manual michigan technological university. The technology has virtually conquered two stumbling blocks that have defeated the plans of conventional surveyors for generations. Linear measurement can be achieved by various instruments. Pole surveying prism surveying corner cube retroreflector prismatic compass angle measurement ramsden surveying instruments.
Aug 29, 2015 surveying is primarily classified as under. Basic land surveying technique is the finding of the comparative spatial position of points on or in close proximity to the surface of the earth. Building survey designing buildings wiki share your construction industry knowledge. Traversing is that type of survey in which a number of connected survey lines form the framework and the. Surveying may be divided into two general categories. It is a basic course for all universities for civil engineers. Department of agriculture usda prohibits discrimination in all. Types of surveys survey research center at the pennsylvania. Gps surveying techniques static gps surveying if a static gps control survey is carefully planned, it usually progresses smoothly. Market surveys are a way in which companies obtain information about their customers and noncustomer consumers or businesses, and how these customers or consumers view a companys products and services versus competitive products.
There are mainly 4 methods by which we can collect data through the survey method. Surveying manual surveying is the science of determining the relative positions of objects or points on the earths surface. All triangles formed by survey lines are considered plane triangles. Types of survey different methods used when conducting surveys. Survey administration can be either open or closed. Modern surveying techniques sunil kumar111581 sunny jaiswal111582 2. Traverse surveying is a popular method of surveying. Different reading techniques and when to use them how to learn. Survey techniques and instruments were then reinvented in. Moreover, the number of techniques and data acquisition methods has dramatically increased in the. Field visits were undertaken in luang prabang and savannakhet provinces. Identify and state the different types of surveying.
Lecturer, senior technical assistant department of mining engineering, indian school of mines, dhanbad 826004 abstract although surveying techniques have always played a primary role in. Geodetic surveying is a particular type of surveying where the curvature of the earth is taken into account. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors. Subsurface surveys extensive education and experience.
This article includes the definition of traverse surveying along with its classification, errors in traversing, checks, the completed method of traversing and plotting of traverse survey. Linear measurement different methods of direct measurement instrument for. The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth. At the end findings were presented at a short workshop. Internet surveys are cost effective and the src provides consultation on research strategies, questionnaire design, programming, and data management.
The measurement type can be divided as, direct measurement method, optical measurement method and. Traverse surveying definition, types, methods, checks. Telephone interviewing stands out as the best method for gathering quickly needed information. Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art and science of determining the terrestrial or threedimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them. Land surveying techniques point to point surveyors. The resulting sample is considered to be a probability sample as long as the sampling interval does not coincide with a. These surveys are of high precision and extend over large areas. Geological survey object is to survey different strata in the earth crust mine survey mineral wealth such as coal, gold military survey points of strategic importance based upon method employed. Accuracy is the degree of conformity of a given measurement with a standard value. Plane surveying is that type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered as a plane and the spheroidal shape is neglected. The techniques and tools of conventional surveying are still in use and, as you will see, are based on the very same concepts that underpin even the most advanced satellitebased positioning. With the intention of accomplishing their goal, surveyors use basics of geometry.
In conventional surveying, chain and tape are used for making linear measurements while compass and ordinary theodolites are used for making angular measurements. The measurement of this linear horizontal distance between two points on the earth surface is known as linear measurement. Surveying has been classified into many disciplines and all have their own use in different fields. Market surveys can be either qualitative or quantitative. Principles and methods of surveying in civil engineering projects. First, survey research is used to quantitatively describe specific aspects of a given population. Linear measurement in engineering survey, the linear horizontal distance is to be measured to complete a survey. A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor. Static gps surveying was the first method of gps surveying used in the field, and it continues to be the primary technique for gpsgnss control today. These aspects often involve examining the relationships among variables. Modern surveying instruments and their uses in civil. Accuracy and precision accuracy and precision are two different, yet equally important surveying concepts. To a large degree, the extent of urbanization and relative worth of the land determine the method of surveying.
Their types and uses are discussed in this article. Land survey methods and training in participatory land use. Definition surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or threedimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them. The use of levels and total stations is illustrated by a series of practical examples. The level line is considered straight and all plumb lines are considered parallel. Building surveys are a means of providing a detailed evaluation of a propertys condition and involve an extensive inspection. Telephonic interview personal interview mail interview electronic interview telephonic interview. Modern surveying instruments provides faster and more precise surveying than conventional instruments.
Surveying is the technique of determining the relative position of different points on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements and finally representing them on a sheet of paper known as plan or map. April 2004 figure 1 the three main types of levels. Distances and directions determine the horizontal positions of these points. While on the work site, the survey assistant will also perform the manual labour, such as. Most surveys are written using qualtrics or redcap software, which allows us to create customized survey instruments for our. Techniques of survey method management study guide.
This manual is a revision of the engineering survey chapter of the 1969. The type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered as a plane, or in which its spheroidal shape is. Relative static positioning involves several stationary receivers simultaneously collecting data from at least four satellites during observation sessions that usually last from 30 minutes to 2. Linear measurement types, instruments and common errors. Types of surveying on the basis of whether the curvature of the earth is taken into account or not,surveying can be divided into two main categories. Basics of the surveying surveying is defined as the science of making measurements especially of the earth surface. Sep 23, 2015 surveying has been classified into many disciplines and all have their own use in different fields. Precision is the extent to which a given set of measurements agree with their mean. In this article we will discuss these different types. Second, the data required for survey research are collected from people and are, therefore, subjective. Bahuguna, dheeraj kumar, sunil kumar associate professor, sr. Trilateration using the same principles as described in the triangulation method of land surveying techniques, trilateration adds electronic distance measuring equipment. We hope students all over the world will find it helpful. In terms of internet surveying, for example, systematic sampling can be used to sample sequential visitors to a website.
May 2005 surveying equipment, measurements and errors 3. The different types of surveys are mainly classified into the survey methods according to instrumentation and according to the span of time involved in conducting the survey. Sep 27, 2012 this is the most commonly used of the land surveying techniques and is also the most efficient in that it minimizes the number of different measurements that are needed. June 2012 introduction most people have an understanding that surveying is only restricted to field work on construction sites.
716 173 585 1295 330 224 374 922 1249 665 380 388 442 1275 1293 804 1038 628 271 598 1136 385 832 1330 172 85 348 1273 1420